International Journal of Social Science & Entrepreneurship
IJSSE is a peer-reviewed International journal of Social Science and Entrepreneurship with a key objective to provide the academic and industrial community a medium for presenting original high-quality research or extended version of previously published research related to (but not strictly limited to) its scope which covers the wider aspects of high-quality research. The Journal is presently recognized by the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan in the "Y" Category.
Examining the Impact of Social Entrepreneurship Orientation on Service Delivery in Balochistan’s Public Healthcare Sector
Public healthcare systems in developing regions often face persistent service delivery deficiencies. Grounded in the Service-Dominant Logic (SDL) framework, this study investigates how Social Entrepreneurship Orientation (SEO) influences the performance of public healthcare institutions in Balochistan, Pakistan. Despite increasing scholarly focus on social entrepreneurship, limited empirical research has examined its relevance in public sector health systems of developing economies. Using a cross-sectional quantitative design, this study analyzed data from 349 healthcare professionals through SmartPLS 4.0. The analysis confirmed a strong and positive association between Social Entrepreneurship Orientation (SEO) and service delivery. The distinct contribution of this research lies in applying the Service-Dominant Logic (SDL) framework within a resource-constrained and governance-challenged public health environment such as Balochistan. The findings demonstrate that SEO promotes innovation, adaptability, and citizen-centered service practices in public hospitals. Overall, the results extend the theoretical understanding of SDL and offer practical insights for policymakers seeking to improve institutional performance and healthcare service delivery in developing contexts.
Social Entrepreneurship Orientation (SEO)
Copyright (c) 2025 Voyage Academic and Management Services (PVT.)
Environmental Degradation and Macroeconomic Performance: Dynamic Evidence from N-11 Economies
This paper tests the relationships between economic growth, foreign direct investment (FDI) and the level of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in the Next Eleven (N-11) emerging economies between the years 1991 and 2022. The GMM estimator is utilized to overcome endogeneity as well as endure the persistence of the emissions in addition to jointly testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), Pollution Haven and Pollution Halo Hypotheses in a single empirical model. There is a strong structural persistence of CO2 emissions (lagged coefficient = 0.988, p < 0.05) which shows that there is an inertia in environmental degradation. It shows an inverted U-shaped pattern of EKC whereby the emissions rise with lower income (GDP = 0.0095, p < 0.05) and then decrease above the 14.19 level of log GDP income. The association of FDI with the emissions is nonlinear and exhibits U-shaped behavior, i.e. it decreases the CO2 emissions at lower levels of FDI (lnFDI = -0.066, p < 0.05) and thereafter increases the CO2 emissions at higher levels of FDI (lnFDI2 = 0.0016, p < 0.05). The results of these outcomes imply that economic development and FDI have some conditional environmental impacts that vary based on size and the capacity to regulate. The analysis highlights the need to have policies of green investment, technological innovation, and effective institutional structures in realizing sustainable low-carbon growth. Keywords: , , , , , , ,
Determinants Of Customer Satisfaction In The Decorative Paint Service Industry: Evidence From Karachi, Pakistan
Increasing evidence suggests that customer satisfaction is an important influencer of success in the services sector of Pakistan; however, there are few empirical studies examining the antecedents of customer satisfaction for specialised services like decorative paint services. This study, therefore, has investigated the impact of service quality, price equity, provider professionalism, technological implementation, and brand image on customer satisfaction in Karachi city. The main objectives were to identify significant predictors of satisfaction and to find their relative ranking. A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was employed, utilising a structured questionnaire with 200 customers who recently received decorative painting services. Data were analysed with SPSS and were related to descriptive statistics, reliability testing, correlation, and multiple regression analysis. Results showed that all five independent variables had a significant impact on customer satisfaction, explaining 55.1% of its variance. Service quality was found to be the best predictor, closely followed by provider professionalism and brand image. The findings are like those of prior studies in Pakistan, which express the necessity of professional training, transparent pricing, and technological improvement. The paper concludes the study, suggesting that paint service companies standardise their services and adopt innovative tools and a strong brand to increase customer trust and loyalty. The research study contributes to the literature by providing a localised framework for transforming service performance and customer satisfaction levels.
The Moderating Effect of Age on the Relationship Between Mental Health and Economic Decision-Making
The interconnectedness of human cognitive power and economic decision making is a proven spectacle. Different psychological factors of a healthy mind are key in sensible economic decision making, with relevance to SDG 3 (Good Health and Wellbeing) and SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth). To assess the moderation effect of age on the relationship between mental health and economic decision making, hypothetically affecting decisions at different age groups. A total of 606 surveys were filled by different age groups. The hypothesis was tested using XGBoost, a robust machine learning model. Supplementary analytics composed the variables for mental health and economic decision making. The impact of mental health on economic decision making was modeled with interaction by age. The relationship is significantly proven, with a high influence of age indicating a strong moderating effect across age groups. Age-specific interventions are necessary. Designing and implementation of mental health and financial education programs tailoring different age groups are recommended, contributing to reducing inequalities (SDG 10) while advancing SDG 3 and SDG 8 and informing policy and practice
SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being, SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10: Reduced Inequality.
The Red Sea as A Proxy Front: Iran’s Strategic Use of The Houthis and The Politics of Plausible Deniability (2023–2025)
The Red Sea has become one of the most strategically consequential maritime theaters in the 21st century, where regional rivalries, proxy warfare, and asymmetric operations converge to shape global economic and security outcomes. Between 2023 and 2025, this corridor became a critical arena for Iran’s regional power projection through its sponsorship of Yemen’s Houthi movement. During this period, 145 Houthis attacks including drone, missile and unmanned naval strikes on commercial vessels such as the Magic seas and Eternity C disrupted maritime traffic, caused a 50% decline in Suez Canal transit, and significantly raised insurance premiums. The study adopts a qualitative case study approach, applying proxy warfare theory and drawing on official reports, open-source intelligence, and secondary literature to trace how Iranian support shapes Houthi capabilities. The findings indicate that these operations undermine energy security, threaten freedom of navigation, and compel regional and international actors to recalibrate maritime strategies. Keywords: , , , , , , ,
CBDC vs Cryptocurrency in Pakistan: A Comparative Review
This analytical review examines Pakistan's dual-path approach to digital finance by assessing the policy tension between decentralized cryptocurrencies (CC) and a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC). Through a comprehensive analysis of grey literature and policy documents, the study identifies a significant ideological struggle between risk-averse financial institutions and a pro-innovative government faction. Our findings reveal that this conflict has led to a pragmatic, dual-track strategy: the formalization of the CC market via the Virtual Assets Ordinance 2025 and the parallel development of a state-controlled CBDC. The research quantifies the scale of the informal CC economy, estimating it involves 15-20 million Pakistanis and holds the potential to unlock $20-25 billion in dormant assets for the formal economy. Concurrently, the Digital Pakistani Rupee (CBDC) is projected to reduce the substantial direct costs of cash, estimated at Rs76 billion annually, and enhance financial inclusion for approximately 100 million unbanked adults. The study concludes that for this dual strategy to succeed, Pakistan must prioritize policy harmonization, a privacy-centric CBDC design, and a streamlined regulatory framework for virtual assets. This case offers critical lessons for developing nations navigating the trade-offs between financial innovation, stability, and inclusion
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Social Science & Entrepreneurship
The Role of Digital Human Resource Management on Organizational Adaptability and Sustainability in Emerging Economy
The research paper focused on the role of digital human resource management on organizational adaptability and sustainability in emerging economies in Karachi. This scientific study aims at examining null hypothesis which analyzes that there is no relationship between digital HRM and organization ability to be adaptable and sustainable in various organizations in Karachi. The research design is descriptive as we establish the association between dependent and independent variables. Our independent variable is Digital HRM which includes digital performance management, digital intensity, and digital transformation that are provided to organizations to improve their performance, adaptation capabilities and employee state optimization. A structured questionnaire is designed to collect approximately 100-sample size samples via online and by organizations visits. A survey forms were distributed using random sampling method among more than six different public and private sectors of Karachi. The research is quantitative in nature and analyzed through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation model (SEM) by using smart PLS. The findings show that digital HRM is positively and significantly correlated with organizational resilience. The study also revealed that adaptation capabilities are a strong mediator between digital HRM and organization resilience. The integration of digitalization’s of HRM practices significantly enhances the organization’s adaptability and productivity. The study included both quantitative and qualitative data and examined the relationship of digital HRM influences the organization’s resilience from the viewpoint of public and private sector in Karachi city.
The Effect of Mindset Influencers on social media Deviating Youth from Education in The Name of Entrepreneurship
This study examines the effect of mindset influencers on social media in deviating youth from education in the name of entrepreneurship. In this era, social media is a powerful platform, where the mindset of these influencers promoting entrepreneurship is a preferred lifestyle. Most of this content distracts youth from their educational goals, and they are drawn to these influencers on the promise of achieving quick financial success. A quantitative research design was employed, and students were selected from the Departments of Education and Psychology at the University of Karachi. Using Krejcie and Morgan’s table, a population of 300 and a sample of 169 participants were selected through simple random sampling. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire designed on a five-point Likert scale and analyzed using SPSS software with descriptive statistical techniques, including frequency analysis. The findings of this study indicate that constant exposure to mindset influencers of entrepreneurship on social media is distracting young people from their educational goals and interests. This study is relevant for teachers, parents, and policymakers, as it highlights the requirement for guidance programs, critical thinking strategies, parental support, and the importance of preserving the value of education in the digital age.
Exploring the Potential of Native Language in Micro-influencer Marketing: A Study of Engagement and Purchase Intention Among Pakistani Followers
This study investigates the effects of micro-influencers who speak the local language of their followers on engagement and buying behavior in Pakistan's multilingual digital landscape. The study is based on the theories of Parasocial Interaction and Source Credibility, shows that speaking in a language that one is comfortable with increases emotional resonance and trust, converting passive followers into engaged participants. The results of a survey of 310 social media users and data analysis using PLS-SEM demonstrate that native language material has a big but subtle impact on purchase intent while also considerably increasing engagement and parasocial relationships. Although engagement is increased by trust in the influencer, purchases are not always ensured. This study emphasises how language connects cultures and serves as more than just a means of communication. The findings provide crucial information for companies looking to run genuine, powerful influencer efforts in regions with a wide range of cultural backgrounds.
A Comparative Study of NADRA & FBR in Hyderabad and Bahawalpur: Citizens’ Perceptions of Accessibility, Institutional Effectiveness, Transparency in e-Government Services in Pakistan
Although e-government has become a vital component of delivering services to citizens through electronic means (e-services), its success primarily relies on citizens' perceptions of accessibility, institutional effectiveness, and transparency in these services, which can only be achieved through a series of reforms that strengthen over time. While countries recognized as global leaders, such as South Korea and Estonia, have established robust public trust by providing innovative developments and advancing digital progress, this level of trust remains less prevalent in developing states like Pakistan. This study presents a unique research focus that has been less explored in previous literature, aiming to understand the roles of the National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) and the Federal Board of Revenue (FBR), as well as how citizens in Hyderabad and Bahawalpur perceive their services. The study emphasized investigating institutional challenges and evaluating how reforms shape citizen trust and the sustainable use of digital platforms from the demographic and geographical dynamics perspectives. This study applied a mixed-methods approach, combining the use of a standardized survey method (n=250) with expert focus group discussion, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was adopted to examine the causal relationship (H1–H5) and impact of reforms on citizens’ perceptions. The conclusions revealed policy-relevant insights into improving Pakistan’s e-Government frameworks with effectiveness, transparency, and accessibility.
Investigating the Application of Epstein’s Parental Involvement Model and its Impact on Student Achievement in District Pishin
This study has examined the application of Epstein’s Parental Involvement Model in the context of the secondary schools in District Pishin, Balochistan. The study has evaluated the multiple aspects of parental involvement, such as communication with the school, helping with study, academic goal setting, encouragement, and the provision of study resources. It has applied a quantitative research methodology whereby the information was gathered from 620 parents and 620 students (310 boys, 310 girls). The study has revolved around the rationale of stratified sampling, whereby the subgroups of a population were distinguished as boys, girls, and parents. The study has assessed each of the six dimensions of the Epstein framework and has determined that the core elements of the model, such as the school-home communication (R = 0.425, p < 0.01) and the supporting parenting practices (R = 0.442, p < 0.01), significantly influence academic achievement. Other factors, such as volunteering (R = 0.340) and decision-making (R = 0.288), have not produced a significant impact due to contextual obstacles like low parental literacy and cultural norms. This concludes that though the model offers a good theoretical source for parental involvement, its practice in the rural areas needs to be very sensitive to the circumstances and resources at hand.
Gender Differences in Self-Esteem among Employed and Unemployed Adults in Hyderabad City: A Comparative Study
The primary objective of this study was to investigate the impact of gender identity (i.e., being male or female) and employment status on the self-esteem of adults residing in Hyderabad city. For this purpose, 400 individuals aged 18 to 60 years were selected, including an unequal number of employed and unemployed men and women, so that the results could be compared appropriately during the analysis. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), an internationally recognized psychological scale, was used to assess the self-esteem level of these individuals. The data obtained were analyzed using the "Independent Samples T-test" to detect any significant difference in self-esteem scores between different groups. The results of the analysis revealed that there was no significant or statistically significant difference in self-esteem scores between employed men and women (p = .539). Similarly, there was no significant difference in self-esteem between unemployed men and women (p = .909). Overall, when all men and all women were compared, the mean score for men was slightly higher, but this difference was also statistically insignificant (p = .013). This means that gender or employment status in general does not have a profound effect on self-esteem. However, when the responses to individual questions were analyzed in detail, an interesting aspect emerged: unemployed men complained of feeling “useless” more intensely than women on one specific question (item 9). This suggests that, although there may be no difference in overall scores, certain emotional responses, especially negative feelings such as feeling useless, may be more intense in men. Such responses are likely linked to social pressures, cultural traditions, and the responsibilities associated with employment, which affect men more. Overall, the findings of this study highlight the fact that self-esteem is not a simple or one-dimensional concept but a complex and multifaceted psychological state, influenced not only by gender or job status but also by a number of deeper psychological, social, personal and cultural factors. Therefore, in the context of South Asian societies like Hyderabad, there is a need for culturally sensitive and gender-aware mental health interventions that can help improve individuals’ self-esteem by taking into account these hidden and deeper factors.
Impact of Textile Organizational Functional Capabilities on Sustainable Performance: A Moderating Empirical Assessment of Environmental Measures on Warehouse
Business sustainability highly depends on the capabilities of an organization. Marketing, technological development, and financial and operational efficiency are key competencies that significantly affect corporate sustainability efforts. Improper resource utilization, high emissions rate, and labour law violations are some of the foremost issues faced by the textile sector in Pakistan. Enhancing the above-mentioned core competencies can help textile firms achieve long-term sustainability goals. Thus, the study aims to analyze the role of operational, technological, marketing, and supply chain capabilities in attaining sustainable performance in the textile sector. Data was collected using convenience sampling techniques from 163 employees in the supply chain division of the garment industry. The collected data was tested through the Smart PLS analysis tool. Research findings suggest that organizational capabilities have a substantial effect on sustainable operations. Moreover, the outcomes of the research indicate that environmental measures moderate the connection between supply chain, operational, and financial capabilities in achieving sustainable performance. However, marketing and technology capabilities are not influenced by environmental factors. This research reduces the gap in identifying the impact of various organizational capabilities in achieving sustainable supply chain operations. Additionally, it will help textile firms formulate competitive strategies under the effective role of the environment to meet the company’s goals. Keywords: , , , ,
Copyright (c) 2024 Voyage Academic and Management Services (PVT.)
Impact of Warehouse Resources Optimization on Sustainable Performance: Unveiling the Moderating Influence of Seasonality
A warehouse is considered an integral part of supply chain operations. It plays a key role in receiving, storing, packaging, and distributing products from the suppliers to the end customers. However, warehouse management suffers from various challenges due to inappropriate infrastructure, space shortage, data entry errors, and outdated manual procedures. Integrating advanced technology can optimize operations by reducing costs and enhancing overall work efficiency. The current study aims to identify the impact of warehouse resources, i.e., human capital (HC), technology integration (TI), supply chain communication network (SCCN), and warehouse optimization (WO) on the sustainable warehouse performance (SWP) of warehouses. Additionally, the research seeks to uncover the moderating effect of seasonality on warehouse processes. A convenience sampling technique was used to gather data from 116 professional employees working in different manufacturing companies. Based on the analysis of data through Partial Least Squares techniques, results indicate that there is no direct impact of human capital, technology integration, and supply chain communication network on sustainable warehouse performance. However, a significant indirect relationship exists in the presence of optimized warehouse processes. Furthermore, the study also demonstrates the role of seasonality in moderating the relationship between human capital and warehouse sustainable performance. Hence, the findings of this study provide guidelines for companies to manage gaps in their warehouse activities and help them develop strategies to meet global standards. Future research can be performed by incorporating data from other interdisciplinary fields to address the issue of sustainability in warehousing effectively.
Supply chain communication network and Warehouse optimization
Seasonality, and Sustainable warehouse performance
The Role of Advanced Technologies and Cost Strategies in Building Efficient, Sustainable Automotive Supply Chains
This paper aims to investigate the impact of Supply Chain Manager Capability, Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Sustainable Supply Chain Practices, and Cost Leadership Strategies on Sustainable Performance (SP) of a firm. Additionally, the study seeks to identify the mediating role of Leagile practices in achieving sustainability objectives, particularly in the automotive sector of Pakistan. This study employed a quantitative approach to collect data from executives, managers, and directors working in the automotive supply chain process. A sample size of 254 respondents was selected, and the data were analyzed through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS SEM). The results showed that AMT has a positive impact on sustainable performance. In comparison, Leagile strategy plays a mediating role in enhancing supply chain efficiency (SCE), which can lead to sustainable performance of the firm. Moreover, it also proves that SCE is an essential arbitrator, which highlights the need for operational efficiency in transforming strategic supply chain actions into results that are sustainable. Yet, the supply chain manager (SCM) had no direct impact on Leagile methods, and technical and systemic resources are more likely to be dominant here. The research has some practical implications for supply chain executives, especially in developing countries such as Pakistan, where resource limitations and regulatory compliance impose localized policies. Companies can become more adaptable, resilient, and competitive by leveraging advanced technologies, sustainability practices, and cost reductions within a well-defined supply chain infrastructure. In the future, the research provides a good ground to explore sustainable supply chain performance in other sectors
Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (AMT)
Sustainable Supply Chain Practices (SSCP)
From Tax to TFP: Unraveling the Dynamics of Income Inequality in SAARC Economies
From 1990 to 2021, study examines the dynamic relationship between taxation, total factor productivity (TFP), and income inequality in four SAARC countries: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Using panel data analysis, the study investigates the relationship between variations in the GINI coefficient and tax-to-GDP ratios and TFP, taking labor force participation, inflation, and consumption expenditure into account. The findings demonstrate that while taxes and income inequality significantly affect TFP, the effects are different across country because of differences in economic conditions and legal systems. The study deals important new understandings into how socio-economic inequality and fiscal policy affect productivity in South Asian nations.
Challenges and barriers in the implementation of peer assessment in Balochistan
Balochistan’s low literacy rate stems from factors such as poor infrastructure, socio-economic barriers, and limited access to quality education, further worsened by ineffective assessment practices that hinder the identification of learning gaps and targeted support." The objective of this research was to identify the challenges and barriers associated with the implementation of peer assessment in Balochistan and the generated hypothesis was, the challenges associated with implementing peer assessment in Balochistan include negative attitudes, doubts about peer qualifications, and social pressures. The medthod adopted for the instant study was quantitative and a questionnaire designed for data collection. Based on hypothesis testing, the null hypothesis (H₀) stating that there are no significant challenges such as negative attitudes, doubts about peer qualifications, or social pressures associated with implementing peer assessment in Balochistan is retained, and the alternative hypothesis is rejected. It was concluded that barriers negative attitudes, doubts about peer qualifications, social pressures, time demands, and limited training form a formidable obstacle cluster. Addressing them requires targeted interventions such as extended calibration sessions, anonymity mechanisms, trust-building workshops, and comprehensive professional development to shift perceptions and build competence. Negative attitudes toward peer grading, doubts about peer qualifications, and social pressures especially where anonymity protocols were absent emerged as significant obstacles. Time constraints for rubric development and insufficient initial training further dampened uptake. It was recommended that government should strengthen Balochistan Assessment and Examination Commission regarding a better implementation of Peer assessment in Balochistan.
Impact Of Health Cociousness, Food Safety Concern, And Consumer Purchase Intentions Toward Organic Food: The Role of Consumer Involvement
This study investigates the impact of health consciousness and food safety concerns on the intention to purchase organic food in Pakistan. With rising global demand for organic products driven by health and environmental awareness, this research aims to identify key factors influencing consumer behavior in an emerging market context. A quantitative approach was employed, utilizing a correlational research design. Data was collected via an online survey from 254 health-conscious Pakistani consumers using a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire adapted from prior studies. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was applied to analyze the data, assessing reliability, validity, and path coefficients. Findings reveal a significant positive relationship between health consciousness, food safety perceptions, and organic food purchase intentions. The study highlights that consumer shifts toward organic products are primarily motivated by health and safety concerns, aligning with global trends. These insights can help marketers and policymakers promote organic food adoption in Pakistan. The research contributes to understanding consumer behavior in developing markets, suggesting strategies to enhance organic food accessibility and awareness.
Exploring Women Leadership Competencies in Higher Education: Challenges, Opportunities, and Institutional Impact
Women remain underrepresented in academic leadership positions globally, and particularly in regions like Sindh, Pakistan. This study aims to explore the leadership competencies demonstrated by women in higher education, the challenges and opportunities they encounter, and the impact of their leadership on institutional development. Employing a qualitative interpretivist approach, the research engaged 10–12 senior women leaders through semi-structured interviews and institutional document analysis. Thematic analysis revealed five key themes: emotional intelligence, transformational leadership, cultural negotiation, institutional resistance, and informal support systems. Findings highlight that despite policy frameworks promoting gender equity, women face enduring barriers including role incongruity and cultural expectations. Nevertheless, they utilize adaptive competencies and peer networks to lead effectively. The study enriches feminist and leadership theory by situating women’s experiences within the socio-cultural and organizational realities of Sindh. It also calls for reforms in leadership development programs, policy enforcement, and institutional cultures to support inclusive academic leadership.
Understanding The Influence of Remittances on Household Consumption and Investment Trends in Pakistan
The effect of remittance inflows on Pakistan's economy, in relation to household consumption and investment behavior, is the subject matter of this research. With monthly observations starting from 2005, data from the World Bank is used in this analysis, where a Vector Autoregression (VAR) model in R Studio is employed to explore the remittances-GDP growth-investment consumption-CPI relationship. The impulse response function enables short-run responses to shocks in remittances to be depicted, and the variance decomposition calculates the proportion of variations in reference economic indicators due to remittances. The results validate that remittances have a critical, if transitory, function to fulfill in stimulating GDP growth, triggering investment, and enhancing domestic consumption in Pakistan. Of note is that their temporary effect on inflation (on the CPI basis) is mildly adverse but fleeting. The most probable reason is that the initial boost in investment and spending temporarily relieves pressures on the price's downward movement while this effect recedes subsequently. This research provides crucial insights to policymakers and planners of the economy, emphasizing the importance of developing well informed policy responses that capitalize on remittance development potential to its fullest. It thus contributes fresh perspectives to ongoing academic discussions regarding remittance-fostered economic change in developing nations such as Pakistan and bridges significant gaps in literature.
The Influence of Fintech and Technology Stock Indices on Cryptocurrencies Dynamics: A Quantile Regression Approach
This study examines the asymmetric and nonlinear linkages between the major cryptocurrencies of Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Binance Coin (BNB), Ripple (XRP) and the major financial indices of KBW NASDAQ Financial Technology Index and the Dow Jones Global Technology Index using Quantile-on-Quantile Regression (QQR).We investigate how bitcoin responds to the financial indices in different quantiles of the return distribution using a monthly time-series data set January 01, 2020 to December 31, 2024. Cryptocurrencies provide strong responses on quantile conditional dependence, illustrating how various market conditions impact other financial variables. These impacts emphasize the diversification and risk amplification features of cryptocurrencies and are especially evident at times of excessive market optimism and pessimism. The paper also highlights the necessity of keeping an eye on the connections between crypto assets and the financial industry in order to provide suitable regulatory responses to dangers that emerge in a sector that has been seeing significant growth. The findings of the correlation between traditional financial markets and the digital asset ecosystem will likely teach investors, policymakers, and regulators a lot.
Global Attractive Index for Money laundering using Walker’s Gravity Model: An Approach to Determine the Preferred Destinations
This study develops a Money Laundering Attractiveness Index (MLAI) for the countries that are preferred for money laundering. The study first discussed the concept of money laundering and the size and volume of money laundered. Walker’s Gravity Model has been used to determine the preferred destinations. The model was developed by John Walker to estimate the illegal funds flow globally. The model consists of two segments, including attractiveness and distance. Data from 2002 to 2022 has been collected and analyzed across approximately 150 countries. The study examined the flow of illegal funds from the source country to the preferred destination among all income groups classified by the World Bank. The results show that countries with stable economic conditions and a higher standard of living hold the top positions in the money laundering attractiveness index. The study underscores the need for coordinated global action and recommends revisiting current anti-money laundering strategies. The proposed index offers a valuable tool for intergovernmental bodies and policymakers to develop more targeted and effective responses against organized crimes like money laundering.
From Influence on Impact: Examining the Effectiveness of Influencer Marketing Strategies
This study examines the effectiveness of influencer marketing campaigns in the luxury fashion industry by investigating key influencer traits, such as experience, trustworthiness, attractiveness, and content usefulness, along with their impact on customer purchase behavior. It also explores the moderating role of influencer-follower fit in these relationships. The research adopts a quantitative design and collects data from 500 luxury fashion customers in Karachi, Pakistan, through a standardized questionnaire. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using SmartPLS is applied to analyze the direct and moderating effects of influencer traits on purchase behavior. The findings indicate that influencer credibility, particularly trustworthiness and experience, significantly impacts consumer purchase behavior. Content usefulness plays a vital role in shaping consumer trust and engagement, while attractiveness is also important but less effective without congruence between the influencer and their audience. Additionally, influencer-follower congruence serves as a significant moderating factor, enhancing the positive effects of influencer attributes on purchase behavior. The research emphasizes the necessity for luxury brands to focus on authenticity, expertise, and audience fit when selecting influencers. This study contributes to the influencer marketing literature by integrating Source Credibility Theory and providing empirical evidence on the influence of influencer attributes within the luxury fashion industry. The findings offer valuable managerial implications for marketers and highlight the importance of strategic influencer selection, ethical disclosure, and tailored content to boost brand engagement and loyalty among consumers.
Green Supply Chain Management and CSR: An Empirical Analysis of Sustainable Practices
The growing significance of sustainability has prompted organizations to integrate green supply chain management (GSCM) practices into organizational strategies to remain sustainability-driven as well as stay compliant with Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). However, there is a lack of concrete empirical evidence on the impact of these green initiatives on CSR, particularly within the bounds of Pakistan. Thus, this study aims to analyze the impact of Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) practices, including sustainable product design, reverse logistics, and green manufacturing, on firm’s Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) through a structured survey questionnaire. The research considered convenience-sampling technique to collect data from the employees of organizations belonging to different sectors from Karachi. The sampling size is 310 and the data collected has been tested through Smart PLS analysis tool. Research findings suggests that social performance mediates the relationship between corporate social responsibility and sustainable practices like reverse logistics, sustainable product design, and green manufacturing, with eco-design strengthening the relationship between social performance and corporate social responsibility. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on GSCM by providing a comprehensive understanding of its relationship with CSR as well as emphasizing the importance of adopting integrated green practices to achieve sustainability objectives and enhance corporate reputation. In future research, other variables can also be used such as green purchasing, green packaging, and environmental sustainability etc.
Islamic Moral Values and Sukuk Investment Intentions: A TPB-Based Behavioral Study with Mediating and Moderating Variables
This study investigates sukuk investment behavior through the lens of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), integrating Islamic ethical principles to understand the factors influencing individuals' intentions to invest in sukuk. The research first examines the impact of Islamic moral values on Empathy, while assessing the mediating roles of internal behavioral control (IBC), and external behavioral control (EBC), At the same time the onwards effect of empathy on investment intentions (niyyah) was established. Employing an Islamic behavioral framework, the study delves into how these psychological constructs shape ethical investment behavior. Subsequently, it explores the moderating effects of market-related factors—sukuk pricing, rating, and ulama influence—on the relationship between these behavioral variables and investment intentions. Data were collected from 700 clients across Meezan Bank and other institutions in the Islamic banking sector. Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (SmartPLS), the findings reveal that Islamic moral values, empathy, IBC, and EBC significantly drive sukuk investment intentions. Empathy and behavioral control serve as key mediators in the relationship between Islamic values and investment behavior. Among the moderating factors, ulama pressure and sukuk pricing notably strengthen the ethical and financial appeal of sukuk investments, whereas sukuk ratings demonstrate a relatively weak influence, possibly due to limited awareness or skepticism regarding rating credibility. The study contributes to the understanding of ethical investment behavior in Islamic finance and offers strategic implications for promoting sukuk through moral, behavioral, and market-based interventions.
A Comparative Study of Societal Norms and Values in Different Societies
This study centers on the comparative examination of societal norms and values across a spectrum of societies, acknowledging the increasing interest in this research area. It underscores existing challenges, including inconsistent norm definitions and cultural biases in prior studies. The investigation into historical, geographical, religious, and socio-economic factors is deemed crucial to unveil both shared traits and distinctions among cultures. The literature review delves into historical influences, geographical determinants, religious beliefs, socio-economic dimensions, and the consequences of globalization on societal norms. Recognized gaps in current literature advocate for more profound exploration, particularly in comprehending the intersections of multiple factors and the evolving nature of norms amid globalizations. The study's objective is to contribute meaningful insights to scholarly discussions, promoting cross-cultural awareness in our globally interconnected world. Areas that merit further exploration encompass longitudinal studies, collaborative initiatives with local scholars, and an examination of technology's impact on cultural dynamics. Research paper delves into a comprehensive comparative study of societal norms and values, aiming to unravel the intricacies of cultural dynamics across diverse societies. Employing a multidisciplinary approach, the study investigates historical, geographical, religious, and socio-economic factors shaping these norms. The research explores commonalities, differences, and the impact of globalization on the evolution of societal norms, contributing to cross-cultural understanding. This research paper aims to conduct a comprehensive comparative study of societal norms and values, delving into the intricate fabric of cultural dynamics across diverse societies. The exploration will encompass an in-depth analysis of the factors shaping and influencing societal norms, emphasizing the role of historical, geographical, religious, and socio-economic contexts.
The Role of Training in Shaping Institutional Culture and Staff Attitudes in Higher Education
This study examines the pivotal role of training in shaping employee behavior, enhancing employee performance, and strengthening institutional culture within higher education institutions in Sindh, Pakistan. Recognizing the strategic significance of human capital development, the research investigates how training initiatives influence staff attitudes and operational efficiency in public and private sector universities. Guided by a positivist research philosophy and a quantitative methodology, the study collected data from 300 academic and administrative employees using stratified random sampling. Descriptive statistics, one-sample and independent sample t-tests, correlation analysis, and regression models were employed to empirically validate the hypothesized relationships. Findings reveal that training programs have a significant positive effect on employee behavior and performance, both of which critically contribute to institutional strengthening. Moreover, a comparative analysis highlights that private sector universities demonstrate more effective training practices and greater perceived benefits compared to their public sector counterparts. Regression analysis confirms that training explains substantial variances in employee behavior (R² = 0.41) and performance (R² = 0.35), which in turn strongly impact institutional development. The study concludes by emphasizing the necessity for structured training frameworks, continuous professional development plans, and systematic evaluation mechanisms to optimize human productivity in higher education institutions. Practical recommendations are proposed for policymakers and university administrators to foster sustainable institutional growth through strategic human resource development.
Exploring the Causes and Consequences of Women’s Limited Economic Participation in Pakistan
Women in Pakistan exhibit considerably lower participation in formal employment compared to their counterparts in other South Asian countries, with only about 23% of women engaged in the workforce, one of the lowest rates in the region. This is largely due to social taboos, lack of education, reluctance, and other pressures that a woman faces daily. This untapped potential of human capital has raised questions about Pakistan’s steps to eliminate gender disparity and incorporate human capital into economic activities. With this background, this study examines the reasons behind women’s reluctance to join the workforce in Pakistan. Later, the bearing of low participation of women in business on Pakistan’s economy is examined. In researching this paper, a close societal-level observation has been made. Primary and secondary data have been utilised in the study. Subsequently, chapters/sections of books, articles, official documents, and diversified opinions were examined to support an objective and empirical analysis. It is found that the lack of a female labour force has adversely affected Pakistan's economy and left some negative social impacts. Women’s empowerment by changing stereotypes and the inclusion of females in all economic activities may be effective in improving Pakistan's socio-political and economic conditions.
Defects of Investigation and Prosecution and Its Impact on Trial Advocate
The purpose of this paper is to identify the defects of investigation and prosecution and their impact upon trial, investigation and prosecution are both the main pillars of criminal justice system if one fails to perform their duty and responsibility other part fails too, both are depends upon each other. Investigations have responsibility to search of truth and prosecution has responsibility to prove the truthfulness of the truth before the court. The sound and crime free society cannot be achieved without effective prosecution and main reason due to which a very large numbers of offenders go scout-free are either Faulty investigation or ineffective prosecution. If criminal justice system fails to provide justice to the citizens frustration will increase among the citizen resultantly it leads us towards a land of lawlessness.
Quranic Principles of Effective Communication: A Timeless Framework for Digital and Interpersonal Ethics
This research examines how communication ethics derived from the Quran can be reconciled with and enrich modern communication practices. Through a qualitative content analysis of Quranic verses, 12 core principles—such as clarity, empathy, active listening, and emotional regulation—were identified. These principles are compared with frameworks from contemporary communication theory (e.g., Grice’s maxims, Rogers’ active listening, and Goleman’s emotional intelligence) to demonstrate their enduring relevance. Emphasis is placed on practical implementation: from the design of digital communication policies to curriculum development in faith-based and secular institutions. By integrating divine accountability and societal justice into communication ethics, the study offers actionable insights for educators, media professionals, and policy makers alike. Keywords: ,, , interpersonal communication, curriculum development.