Analysis of Ecological Valence Theory on Consumer Purchase Intension: A Case Study of FMCG Sector in Pakistan

Amrita, Mohammad Shaiq — Sun, 16 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Color choice is a crucial component of visual perception that affects various human actions, including purchasing decisions. The ecological valence theory (EVT) proposes that people's affective responses to the characteristics of objects shape their color preferences. This theory suggests individuals like colors associated with pleasing objects, feel neutral about irrelevant colors, and dislike colors tied to unpleasant objects. This research evaluates EVT by examining the impact of color factors on consumer purchase intentions for FMCG products in Pakistan. Quantitative data was collected via questionnaires distributed in Karachi. The results supported EVT, finding positive effects of color appearance, color harmony, and ecological valence on purchase intentions. Consumer color preferences mediated relationships between color predictors and purchase intentions. The findings provide support for EVT in a Pakistani context. Marketers should consider affective color meanings when designing appealing packaging to positively influence consumer behavior.

Gaps And Short Comings in The Cyber Security Policy Of Pakistan 2021 In Comparison With Bangladesh National Cyber Security Policy

Shariq. Mubashir, M. Mubashir Qadir Khan — Wed, 30 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Cybersecurity has become a critical aspect of national security, economic stability, and digital transformation. This research aims to identify gaps and shortcomings in Pakistan’s National Cyber Security Policy 2021 by comparing it with Bangladesh’s National Cyber Security Policy 2023. A qualitative analysis is conducted based on key policy factors, including research and development (R&D), cybersecurity education, risk assessment, and counter-cybercrime measures. The study reveals that Pakistan’s policy lacks clear provisions for public-private partnerships, structured capacity-building initiatives, and comprehensive risk assessment mechanisms. Unlike Bangladesh, which emphasizes cybersecurity awareness at all levels and integrates cybersecurity into its national education curriculum, Pakistan’s policy remains limited in scope and implementation strategies. The findings highlight the need for Pakistan to enhance its cybersecurity policy framework by incorporating proactive risk management, increased investment in R&D, and structured legal frameworks to support cybersecurity initiatives. This study contributes to the discourse on improving national cybersecurity policies in developing nations by identifying best practices that can bridge existing policy gaps.

International Journal of Social Science & Entrepreneurship

Analysis of Ecological Valence Theory on Consumer Purchase Intension: A Case Study of FMCG Sector in Pakistan

Gaps And Short Comings in The Cyber Security Policy Of Pakistan 2021 In Comparison With Bangladesh National Cyber Security Policy