Exploring the Causes and Consequences of Women’s Limited Economic Participation in Pakistan

Abstract

Women in Pakistan exhibit considerably lower participation in formal employment compared to their counterparts in other South Asian countries, with only about 23% of women engaged in the workforce, one of the lowest rates in the region. This is largely due to social taboos, lack of education, reluctance, and other pressures that a woman faces daily. This untapped potential of human capital has raised questions about Pakistan’s steps to eliminate gender disparity and incorporate human capital into economic activities. With this background, this study examines the reasons behind women’s reluctance to join the workforce in Pakistan. Later, the bearing of low participation of women in business on Pakistan’s economy is examined. In researching this paper, a close societal-level observation has been made. Primary and secondary data have been utilised in the study. Subsequently, chapters/sections of books, articles, official documents, and diversified opinions were examined to support an objective and empirical analysis. It is found that the lack of a female labour force has adversely affected Pakistan's economy and left some negative social impacts. Women’s empowerment by changing stereotypes and the inclusion of females in all economic activities may be effective in improving Pakistan's socio-political and economic conditions.