Tables, Figures & Illustrations

Tables and figures should be used to present information clearly, accurately, and effectively. They should complement the text rather than duplicate information already described in the
manuscript. All tables and figures must be cited in the text and placed as close as possible to their first citation.

Tables
Tables should be created using the table function of Microsoft Word and should not be inserted as images.

Each table must:
● Be numbered consecutively (e.g., Table 1, Table 2).
● Include a concise and descriptive title.
● Be cited within the text.
● Contain clearly labelled rows and columns.
● Present data accurately without duplication of information contained elsewhere in the manuscript.

Tables should be kept as simple as possible and designed to enhance readability.

Figures
Figures include graphs, charts, diagrams, photographs, maps, flowcharts, and other visual materials.

Each figure must:
● Be numbered consecutively (e.g., Figure 1, Figure 2).
● Include a clear and descriptive caption.
● Be cited within the manuscript.
● Be of sufficient quality for publication.
Authors should ensure that all text, labels, and symbols within figures  remain legible after publication.

Image Quality
Figures should be submitted in high-quality electronic formats suitable for publication. 

Preferred formats include:
● PNG
● JPG/JPEG
● TIFF
● EPS
● PDF (where appropriate)
Images should have a minimum resolution of 300 dpi to ensure clear reproduction.

Figure and Table Placement
Authors are encouraged to place tables and figures within the manuscript immediately after their first citation or as close as practical.
During copyediting and production, the Editorial Office may adjust the placement or size of figures and tables to improve the layout and readability of the published article.

Permissions
If authors reproduce or adapt tables, figures, photographs, or other copyrighted material from previously published sources, they must obtain the necessary permission from the copyright holder where required and provide appropriate acknowledgement within the manuscript.
Authors are responsible for ensuring compliance with applicable copyright laws.

Colour Figures
Colour figures are welcome where they improve the clarity and interpretation of the research.
Authors should ensure that colour choices remain distinguishable when viewed in grayscale and are accessible to readers with colour vision deficiencies where possible.